INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is regarded as the optimal treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Despite significant improvements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapy, long-term graft survival has not markedly increased over the years, due in part to the occurrence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2001 and September 2011, we performed 592 kidney transplantations (214 living and 378 cadaveric donors). All patients received induction therapy with interleukin (IL)-2 monoclonal antibodies or antithymoglobulin (ATG) combined with calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, or mTOR antagonists and steroids. All CMV-seronegative patients and all subjects receiving ATG induction were prescribed prophylactic therapy with ganciclovir-intravenous (IV) for 15 days 2.5 mg/kg BW bid and thereafter oral valgancyclovir once a day. CMV infection was diagnosed using a CMV-PVR of ≥ 600 copies. We analyzed the time to manifestations of CMV infection, or positive CMV-PCR, patient and graft survival, serum creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values before and after CMV infection, as well as type of immunosuppression therapy.RESULTS: The overall incidences of CMV infection and CMV disease were 76/592 (12.8%) and 23/592 (3.9%), respectively. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) times to positive CMV-PCR and CMV disease were 16.66 ± 23.38 months and 106 ± 61.2 (range, 28-215) days, respectively. Mortality was 1% (6/592) among our whole population, 7.9% (6/76) for CMV-infected, and 26% (6/23) in the CMV disease cohort. Cr and BUN showed no significant differences among the groups.CONCLUSIONS: CMV infection and CMV disease comprise significant clinical problems, increasing morbidity and mortality. The use of prophylactic anti-CMV treatment is of paramount importance.